Bayh-Dole shows up in 48 CFR subpart 27.3. Bayh-Dole does not define “United States” and so one might think “United States” is just a handy synonym for the federal government. Q 3. Mesopotamian inventions made the first strides toward the elementary things that humans needed to settle down, such as agriculture writing and the concept of Cartography and astrology. Science, Literature, and Art. All we have is a citation in 2 CFR 200.315(c) to 37 CFR part 401: (c) The non-Federal entity is subject to applicable regulations governing patents and inventions, including government wide regulations issued by the Department of Commerce at 37 CFR Part 401, “Rights to Inventions Made by Nonprofit Organizations and Small Business Firms Under Government Awards, Contracts and Cooperative Agreements.”. We explore the disputes surrounding some well-known inventions and discoveries. The list of Inventions and Discoveries is also an important topic with respect to the General Awareness section. Bayh-Dole’s preemption of public purpose makes a sham of public purposes. Doing so could cost the Air Force $5.5 billion. For all that, Bayh-Dole is too complicated for the ordinary lawyer or university administrator to comprehend. Q 1. This in turn led to the production of edible food staples like rice, cereals, pulses, flour, and so on. Latker’s IPA master agreement–produced in 1968 for the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare–includes a license to the Government of the United States that includes the Kennedy patent policy definition of “Governmental purpose” and along with it, then, definitions of “Government of the United States” and “practice and have practiced.” But Bayh-Dole omits these definitions while using the same terminology. Here we are providing the top 100 Inventions and Discoveries. YES 3.1. The questions given above are just to help the candidates identify the pattern in which questions from this topic may be asked in the different Government exams. Benjamin Franklin: Lightning rod, bifocal glasses and many others. (Nova) Contractors instead demand ownership of all inventions made under federal contracts, citing Bayh-Dole compliance, even though the Supreme Court made clear that Bayh-Dole has nothing to say with regard to contractor privilege in obtaining that ownership. . . We are left, then, with the intended purpose of Bayh-Dole–that is, the intent of Congress as expressed by the words of the statute, not the intent of Norman Latker and others who advocate for Bayh-Dole–and that intent is that Bayh-Dole applies only when a contractor owns an invention made under contract, and Bayh-Dole provides no requirement or special privilege that a contractor must own any such invention. They are the compass, gunpowder, papermaking, and printing.. That’s the reality of Bayh-Dole. It’s as if no one intended for anyone to bother with the scope of the government license–as if the license was to be for show, not for actual use. Controversial Inventions and Discoveries Everyone Should Know About. These technologies have in some way affected the modern lives. Studying how nature has perfected models to achieve specific results, enables us mimic those models to get similar results with the products we develop. Just as inventions can lead to discoveries, discoveries can sometimes also lead to inventions. The Bayh-Dole regime is full of slop and non-compliance, however. No wonder Bayh-Dole advocates had to resort to the “vesting” argument in Stanford v Roche. And now, the journey begins: A journey not just of interest, but of hope. Isaa… Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to email this to a friend (Opens in new window), Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window), “Government” rights in federally supported inventions, 2, Benoît Godin's Science, Technology and Innovation, Palmer, University Research and Patent Policies, Background Materials on Government Patent Policies. But there’s no contract to cover the government’s claims. Questions based on the various discoveries in the different fields are quite often asked in SSC, RRB, Bank, Insurance and other competitive exams and candidates must thoroughly prepare themselves with all these inventions along with their Inventors. Bayh-Dole was a botch job, and the move to the FARs doubly botched it. Ethics regarding how these inventions and discoveries are used is very subjective and it is very difficult for the scientist to discern right from wrong or to take into account everyone's opinions, therefore ethics regarding how these inventions and discoveries are used should not be the concern of the scientists. Bayh-Dole requires federal agencies to use a patent rights clause that includes a provision under which contractors who obtain ownership of a patentable invention made in the performance of work under a federal funding agreement and elect to retain that title must grant to the government a license. Aspirants preparing for the various competitive exams must note that the Static GK part of the General Awareness section is the most scoring section as no extra calculations or solutions have to be done for questions asked in this section. The invention of Electromagnet was done to convert a soft metal core into a magnet by the passage of electric current through a coil surrounding in the year 1820. Who was the inventor of this Electromagnet? States and these other territories have an interest in the licenses granted by contractors who retain ownership of the inventions that they have acquired and which were made in projects receiving federal support. Candidates who are anticipating the release of notifications for various Government exams can check the latest notifications page for more information. This is a list of Korean inventions and discoveries; Koreans have made contributions to science and technology from ancient to modern times.In the present, South Korea plays an active role in the ongoing Digital Revolution, with one of the largest electronics industries and … Here is a list of some of them. Explain your answer. Credit for coining the term Privatization is wrongly credited to Peter Drucker, … Later, Betsy Anker-Johnson claimed that Bayh-Dole was based on Thornton (Latker claimed Bayh-Dole was a codification of the IPA master agreement). For any invention made under federal contract for which a contractor does not obtain ownership, the Nixon patent policy applies and with it the conditions under which the federal government has a claim to ownership of those inventions. Yes, all of the 4 inventions and discoveries serve the public goods, because the Scientific knowledge in its pure form is a classic public good. University administrators don’t want Bayh-Dole to operate as the law has been written and implemented–they want ownership of federally supported work with impunity and without accountability. These Guidelines are intended to assist you in understanding the principles of the Government's patent policy embodied in the Bayh-Dole Act's allocation of rights in subject inventions developed in the course of funding agreements and in "authorization and consent" under 28 U.S.C. Bayh-Dole is not effective at what it does, and the preemption is not proper. In Nixon, the federal government gets a license that includes the states and domestic municipal governments unless a federal agency determines it would not be in the public interest to acquire such broader rights. is vast and questions from any field may be asked in this section. Angel Alcala Biography. The standard patent rights clause at 52.227-11 has this to say about government licenses: License. Hard to say–perhaps all three! To add one more antecedent to Bayh-Dole, consider the Thornton bill, HR 8596, introduced in 1977 as another attempt at a uniform federal patent policy. The FPR then provides a standard patent rights clause that includes this requirement (41 CFR 1-9.107-5(a)(c)): Minimum rights acquired by the Government. . At that point, the Nixon policy codification, which included a patent rights clause with a standing government claim in four areas of research activity and for research contracts where the contractors lacked technical competence or a commercial market position was eliminated. We don’t need innovation policy sleight-of-hand contracting tricks. Given below are a few other Static GK topics for your reference: Given below is a list of various Inventions and discoveries along with the name of the Inventor and the year in which it was invented: Candidates looking forward to score more in the upcoming Government exams can refer to the below-mentioned links: Given below are a set of sample questions based on the topic: Inventions and Discoveries as may be asked in the various competitive exams. Two factors directly affect these inventions: the terribly hot climate of the desert. Angel Alcala is a scientist from the Philippines who has spent over 30 years studying the natural world. Here’s what Thornton has to say about the government license (Section 313(a)(2)): the Federal agency shall have a nonexclusive license to practice or have practiced for the Federal Government any subject invention throughout the world by or on behalf of the Federal Government (including any Federal agency), and may, if provided in such agreement, have additional rights to sublicense any State or domestic local government or to sublicense any foreign government pursuant to foreign policy considerations, or any existing or future treaty or agreement, when the Federal agency determines it would be in the national interest to acquire such additional rights. Discoveries and Inventions is an article by science journalist Mary Mulvhill which traces the evolution of science in Ireland and the contribution of Irish scientists to the world. Between 500 and 1600 A.D., scientific explorers rediscovered ancient Greek and Eastern knowledge, which led to an eruption of fresh ideas. In which year did Graham Bell discover the Telephone? Important Inventions & Discoveries List for Government Exams. Which Vitamin was it? Thus, it is easier to score more for this part. In its place we got Bayh-Dole’s patent rights clause, that lacks the standing claim–“reverses the presumption of ownership”–but only once a contractor has got ownership. There we find a definition of “United States” with exceptions, including one for 48 CFR part 27, where we will find Bayh-Dole (48 CFR 27.001): United States, as used in this part, means the 50 States and the District of Columbia, U.S. territories and possessions, Puerto Rico, and the Northern Mariana Islands. But, a lot of these inventions are forgotten, lost on just pages, and only to be revitalized thousands of years later. Related Blogs. That’s understandable, but that’s not the law, and it hasn’t been productive practice–rather, it has been destructive practice and, well, normalized badness with glossy brochures and happy fantasy talk about “innovation” and “public benefit.”. Nice hub, travel man! Arches. With $91 million worth … . Did these inventions and discoveries serve the public good? These discoveries crystallized elements of what is generally considered Hindu culture. An Executive Order can require federal agencies to take action, but cannot divest inventors of the ownership of their inventions or their rights under federal patent law. We just don't have the budget to buy materials for our invention. To round out the framework, we have to consider 15 USC 2218(d), which dates from 1974, and applies to fire prevention and control legislation: All property rights with respect to inventions and discoveries, which are made in the course of or under contract with any government agency pursuant to this chapter, shall be subject to the basic policies set forth in the President’s Statement of Government Patent Policy issued August 23, 1971, or such revisions of that statement of the policy as may subsequently be promulgated and published in the Federal Register. We have compiled a list of latest innovations and what future can hold. Get to know about some of the facts of technology that you may not be aware of by going through. Q 1. The Four Great Inventions (simplified Chinese: 四大发明; traditional Chinese: 四大發明) are inventions from ancient China that are celebrated in Chinese culture for their historical significance and as symbols of ancient China's advanced science and technology. We could then ask whether Bayh-Dole, which in effect permits contractors to preempt federal objectives and inventors’ objectives with their own purposes, is really a proper or effective policy. For example, Benjamin FranklinTs discovery of the Here’s the government license in Bayh-Dole’s standard patent rights clause (37 CFR 401.14(b)): With respect to any subject invention in which the Contractor  retains title, the Federal government shall have a nonexclusive, nontransferable, irrevocable, paid-up license to practice or have practiced for or on behalf of the United States the subject invention throughout the world. The Philippines is a major source of mangoes in the world. Inventions and Discoveries Many new inventions and discoveries come from imitating nature, which is known as biomimicry from bios meaning life, and mimesis meaning to imitate. Conclusion Top Inventions and Discoveries of Mesopotamia. Hearing aid. Clearly, the policy part is not effective–inventions are not used more frequently under Bayh-Dole. If the Contractor retains ownership of any subject invention, the Government shall have a nonexclusive, nontransferable, irrevocable, paid-up license to practice, or have practiced for or on its behalf, the subject invention  throughout the world. One has to wonder what it would take for it to be in the public interest for state or local governments to be open to suit by a contractor for infringement of an invention made in publicly funded work. The Middle Ages and the Renaissance were a period of scientific and literary reawakening. I hope the government will prioritize science and technology for new discoveries and inventions. Q 2. Now the Supreme Court in Stanford v Roche directly addressed the scope of Bayh-Dole. New inventions and discoveries are often accompanied by confusion, which gives rise to various controversies. Q 5. Perhaps the big gaffe in this whole gaffe-strewn affair called Bayh-Dole was the replacement of the Federal Procurement Regulations with the Federal Acquisition Regulations. . These inventions were major blocks in the building of the world that we know today. (18) section 21(d) of the Federal Fire Prevention and Control Act of 1974 (15 U.S.C. Aspirants must learn these discoveries and inventions by heart so that any questions related to the same asked in the exam helps candidates easily score more. Norman Latker appears to have been Dr. Frankenstein, gathering statutory body parts from wherever. 1548). Sample Questions – Inventions and Discoveries. Which Vitamin was it? Also, a few sample questions based on this topic have been given below. Ancient Chinese inventions such as gunpowder, silk, paper, printing, tea, wheel barrow, iron plows, deep drilling, porcelain, toilet paper and the compass were and still are important pieces of Chinese and global life. In the year 1929, Henrik Dam made a major invention in the field of Biology by discovering a Vitamin. There, 27.303(b) requires the use of Bayh-Dole’s standard patent rights clause: (1) Unless an alternative patent rights clause is used in accordance with paragraph (c), (d), or (e) of this section, insert the clause at 52.227-11, Patent Rights – Ownership by the Contractor. 2.2. Below are some of the most suppressed inventions ever. Nothing more. government is itching for patent reform.”9 I demonstrate that contrary to these assertions, patents create economic benefits because the market for inventions generates efficient incentives for invention and innovation. 1498. Imagine if they let grow their beards and had long hair like the Vikings in the middle of the desert and social status which is another great aspect to stand out among the Egyptian inventions, where … next The list of Inventions and Discoveries is also an important topic with respect to the General Awareness section. Now 41 CFR Part 1-9 gets rolled out of existence in 1984, replaced by the Federal Acquisition Regulations at 48 CFR. The U.S. Government’s Secret Inventions Secrecy orders allow U.S. defense agencies to control patents, including those that are privately developed. 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In the year 1929, Henrik Dam made a major invention in the field of Biology by discovering a Vitamin. . From all appearances, inventions are used less frequently under Bayh-Dole, other than their “use” as objects of speculative interest by technology transfer offices. Inventions and Discoveries List in Science and Technology. It is a keystone for innovation, and in its more applied forms is a basic component of our economy. Candidates who are anticipating the release of notifications for various Government exams can check the. Only when an invention belongs to the contractor does the Bayh-Dole Act come into play. humans (Galileo Galilei to be precise) were able to look far enough into the sky to see the mountains of the moon. The standard patent rights clause at 37 CFR 401.14 does not bother with the definition of “United States” nor do the implementing regulations provide any guidance. Some of the first hearing aids in the 17th Century were trumpets that were literally held … The FAR is all we have, and there at 48 CFR 27.001 we have “United States” defined broadly to include the states, DC, and various territories. On that basis alone, it ought to be done away with. Galileo didnTt invent these mountains, he discovered them - with the help of an invention. Bayh-Dole’s text and implementing regulations are just plain sloppy with regard to this stuff. To mill means to grind, and that invariably means to grind grain. Under the Nixon patent policy, the scope also includes domestic municipal governments–it’s just a matter of how federal agencies who have forgotten how to draft a patent rights clause for the Nixon patent policy could implement or enforce the Nixon policy government license. I hope they will not the talent and skills of Filipino inventors and scientists. Something. That definition makes express that the government license extends to political subdivisions–a generalization of “domestic municipal governments” that implies a reading that “domestic municipal governments” must have been a narrower technical term that might exclude counties, say, or water districts, or subdivisions in territories that go by different nomenclature. Scientific development and a renewed interest in classical science led to new discoveries, inventions, and technologies. The market for inventions … . Further, in this article, we bring to you the list of Discoveries and Inventions along with the name of the Inventor and the year in which the invention was done. Which of the following options is correct with respect to the Inventor of the Periodic Table and the year of invention? Bayh-Dole, when it came into effect, expressly preempted 15 USC 2218(d) with regard to the subject matter of Bayh-Dole (35 USC 210(a)): This chapter shall take precedence over any other Act which would require a disposition of rights in subject inventions  of small business firms or nonprofit organizations contractors in a manner that is inconsistent with this chapter, including but not necessarily limited to the following: . That’s a broad license, indeed. In the Kennedy and Nixon patent policies, the grant of license is to the “Government” and Government is defined to be the federal government, state governments, and domestic municipal governments. . On the federal grants side, however, we don’t have this guidance. Bungle? If the federal government re-implemented the Nixon patent policy for all inventions made under federal contract not owned by a contractor, then we would see the two regimes again. Even though the first use of this incredible architectural invention predates even the earliest … But no. Barometer and atmospheric pressure: 1643-1646: Like many significant discoveries, the principle of the barometer is observed by accident. As for the proper part, why should it be that the government funds research based on an authority to promote the public interest but have a law that permits any private speculator that gains ownership of an invention made in that research to preempt the public interest that justified the funding in the first place? The requirement states a licensee (the federal agency that made the contract) and a scope (to practice and have practiced for or on behalf of the United States . Many inventors worked on a number of inventions. These are some of the best examples of ancient technology and inventions that were used in Ancient India, or had been developed by the ancient Indians: Those terms were then distributed and taught to everyone to bring peace in their culture and society. Today, many GPS satellites are aging and the system is in desperate need of an upgrade, according to the Government Accountability Office. Yes, that’s our general purpose clause connecting federal contracts to the Nixon patent policy, a year before that policy was codified (codification involving Norman Latker) as 41 CFR part 9-1. Hope for a better future for all humankind via the discoveries and the inventions of the world’s greatest scientists. In the FAR, then, the standard patent rights clause requires a grant to the Government for use for and on behalf of the states, the District of Columbia, and various territories. It’s clear that in both instances “Government of the United States” means the federal government, the states, and political subdivisions of states–domestic municipal governments.